Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Essay Example for Free

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Essay According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) depicts a condition in which persons demonstrate an abnormal degree of obsession or compulsion in relation to specific daily activities (as cited in Gournay, Curran Rogers, 2006, p. 60). Obsessions are persistent thoughts or mental images while compulsions are recurrent behaviors that are performed specifically to relieve obsessions (as cited in Gournay, et al, 2006, p. 60). Obsessions usually cause considerable distress and anxiety for the individual and as a result actions (compulsions) are performed to diminish the anxiety caused by the obsessive thoughts or images, Stein (2002) highlights that compulsions are not necessarily observable but could take the form of mental rituals (p. 397). Everyday life experiences usually reveal some amount of obsession or compulsion but do not usually affect normal activities to a significant extent. Often such compulsions are necessary, excusable and natural and therefore do not cause considerable distress. The distinction between these behaviors and the behaviors associated with OCD is in the frequency with which they are carried out, the motivations behind the behaviors and the level of anxiety experienced (Gournay et al, 2006, p. 60). OCD is present when the behaviors reach the extent of preventing the individual from functioning properly in normal everyday activities. For OCD diagnosis, the American Psychiatric Association specifies that there must be the presence of the obsessions or compulsions as discussed above. Additionally these mental processes or behaviors must take up a significant amount of time, usually more than an hour each day (as cited in Geffken et al, 2004, p. 46). It is important to discern the distinction between the obsessive and compulsive behaviors demonstrated by persons with OCD as being significantly different from delusions that are evidenced in various other disorders. The most commonly used treatment method for OCD is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) which has been accounted with an over 80 percent success rate (Geffken et al, 2004, p. 46). This procedure uses the two techniques of exposure and response prevention. In exposure the patient is made to face up to their fears. This procedure seeks to reinforce model behavior by having the patients getting accustomed to refraining from the behaviors that they feel compelled to participate in. By being repeatedly exposed to the anxiety-causing stimulus the patients eventually develop a tolerance for the anxiety and the anxiety itself decreases. The other procedure is response or ritual prevention which uses the principle of negative reinforcement. Individuals have to endure and suppress the anxiety caused by the mental images or thoughts and therefore avoid attempts to reduce the anxiety by participating in the unwanted behavior. Research has found that both procedures are equally as effective in decreasing and eventually removing obsessive thoughts and compulsive behavior (Geffken, et al, 2004, p. 46). Of the two the exposure and response form of CBT is probably the most effective treatment alternative for OCD in adults and children. In addition to CBT there are a number of drugs developed for the treatment of OCD and a few other depressive disorders. Many have proven to be effective in treating adult OCD. Among these are serotonergic agents such as clomipramine, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine and sertraline. There are also citalopram and paroxetine but these two have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (Storch Merlo, 2006, p. 329). However, more and more research is suggesting that a combination type treatment that utilizes CBT and prescription drugs have the most numerical and long term success. Anonymous (2004) reports that, Â  in a randomized study with three distinct groups of patients treated with either CBT along with sertraline, CBT alone, sertraline alone or a placebo, 53.6% of participants in the combination CBT and sertraline group showed a 100% improvement of their symptoms. Comparative results for the control groups were 39.3% with the use of CBT only, 21.4% with the use of sertraline only and 3.6% with the use of a placebo (p. 1156). References Anonymous. (2004, Dec). Combination therapy best for obsessive disorders. AORN Journal, 80(6), 1156. Geffken G. R., Storch, E. A., Gelfand, K. M, Adkins, J. W. Goodman, W. K. (2004, Dec). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Review of treatment techniques. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing Mental Health Services, 42(12), 44-53. Gournay K., Curran, J. Rogers, P. (2006, Apr 26). Assessment and management of obsessive compulsive disorder. Nursing Standard, 20(33), 59-66 68. Stein D. (2002, Aug 3). Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet, 360(9330), 397-405. Storch, E. A. Merlo, L. J. (2006, Apr). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Strategies for using CBT and pharmacotherapy. Journal of Family Practice, 55(4), 329-333.

Life in a Small Village in Greece :: essays papers

Life in a Small Village in Greece This paper is based upon the biography of a couple that is living in Playiari, which is a village 25 km from Thessaloniki, Greece. The couple is three years married, after being four years engaged, and now they are living at a house of their own. They do not have any children, so far, but they have a dog whose name is Lambros. Their names are Tasos and Efi. He is the owner of a cafà © and she is working at a branch of an insurance company. I met them almost six years ago when I got hired by Tasos as a waiter in his cafà ©, and I chose them for my paper because first of all I feel really comfortable with them and second because they are young so the research that is going to be done to be more vivid and up to date. What is going to be presented in this paper are the various information that I have obtained from them, for several aspects of their lives. Furthermore, what is to be accomplished is the comparison of their lives with those of their grandparents and alongside with this the comparison and contrast of these information with the ones in the articles that were covered in class. Firstly what is to be conferred are information about Tasos family. Tasos family originated from Kallipoli which was a suburb of Constantinople (Instanbul). They were living there before the destruction of Asia Minor and the exchange of population between Greece and Turkey taking place. When the exchange of the populations took place his grandfather moved straight to Playiari, which basically is a village composed of immigrants who came from there and at that point in time was nothing but a complex of 4-5 houses. Their residents were locals, who had conflicts with the incoming people, because they did not want others to claim land in that territory. Finally most of the immigrants got to claim and own a piece of land. Tasos was born 32 years ago in Edessa, a city close to Thessaloniki. When he was two years old his family moved in a village, which was located in the district(nomos) Pelas and it is called St.George. They remained there for about nine years, until Tasos became 1 1 years old, and after that they moved to Lakoma, a village in Halkidiki. Life in a Small Village in Greece :: essays papers Life in a Small Village in Greece This paper is based upon the biography of a couple that is living in Playiari, which is a village 25 km from Thessaloniki, Greece. The couple is three years married, after being four years engaged, and now they are living at a house of their own. They do not have any children, so far, but they have a dog whose name is Lambros. Their names are Tasos and Efi. He is the owner of a cafà © and she is working at a branch of an insurance company. I met them almost six years ago when I got hired by Tasos as a waiter in his cafà ©, and I chose them for my paper because first of all I feel really comfortable with them and second because they are young so the research that is going to be done to be more vivid and up to date. What is going to be presented in this paper are the various information that I have obtained from them, for several aspects of their lives. Furthermore, what is to be accomplished is the comparison of their lives with those of their grandparents and alongside with this the comparison and contrast of these information with the ones in the articles that were covered in class. Firstly what is to be conferred are information about Tasos family. Tasos family originated from Kallipoli which was a suburb of Constantinople (Instanbul). They were living there before the destruction of Asia Minor and the exchange of population between Greece and Turkey taking place. When the exchange of the populations took place his grandfather moved straight to Playiari, which basically is a village composed of immigrants who came from there and at that point in time was nothing but a complex of 4-5 houses. Their residents were locals, who had conflicts with the incoming people, because they did not want others to claim land in that territory. Finally most of the immigrants got to claim and own a piece of land. Tasos was born 32 years ago in Edessa, a city close to Thessaloniki. When he was two years old his family moved in a village, which was located in the district(nomos) Pelas and it is called St.George. They remained there for about nine years, until Tasos became 1 1 years old, and after that they moved to Lakoma, a village in Halkidiki.

Morpheus the God

The Greek god, Morpheus, also known as ‘He who forms', is the Greek god of dreams. The Greeks believed that he shaped and formed dreams for mortals. Morpheus played an important role as a god; he was the leader of the Oneriroi tribe. The tribe was made up of himself and his three brothers, Icelus, Phobetor and Phantos. The Oneriroi were a well-known tribe and had the duty of creating dreams for humans. They were often asked to create dreams to warn mortals of danger and future experiences.This was especially important in the case of kings, queens, heroes and heroines, such as Queen Penelope and Agamemnon. Icelus was the creator of dreams of reality and truth. Phobetor represented fearsome and alarming dream, playing a role in dreams in the form of an animal. Phantos, as you may notice by his name, created dreams of fantasy; these were often the most strange and unrealistic dreams of all. He would appear in dreams as inanimate objects, such as earth, rocks, water and plants. Mor pheus, the leader of the tribe, was the vital dream creator, appearing as humans in a dream.Unlike his brothers however, Morpheus could simply send thoughts and objects into dreams, without having to play a role in them himself. The Oneriroi lived at the coast, on the seashores. Morpheus, during his lifetime, is said to have lived in a dark cave, filled with poppy flowers. Morphine, a well-known painkilling drug, which is derived from poppy flowers and induces a dream-like state, is named after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams. Morpheus’s uncle is Thanatos, the God of Death. His grandparents are Nyx, Goddess of Night and Erebus, God of Darkness.Morpheus was said to be romantically involved with Iris, the Goddess of the Rainbow. As a god, Morpheus possesses the natural powers & abilities of an Olympian god such as immortality, omnipresence, vast strength, and the potential to do magic such as the ability to shape-shift, to teleport and to manifest objects. As the God of Sleep he makes mortals and other gods fall asleep in his â€Å"sleep blanket†. However, even he is not immune to falling asleep in this blanket, as seen in the episode Hercules and the All-Nighter. Morpheus also appears to bring the night by dragging his blanket across the sky.

Why Code Is Outdated Or Outdated Essay - 908 Words

research to see if the code is obsolete or outdated or should there be any modifiers added. The medical office is small enough, where at any given time the doctor, along with the office manager, instructs what each employee is working on. At times a medical staff is working on insurance claims, another is researching the usage of a particular code. How to use and under what conditions a particular code needed. D. Does the facility contract for coding services? No, the doctor does all his coding. When the doctor cannot figure what codes to use, he enlists his fellow optometrists, or the AOA to find the proper codes. Also, there are more medical information, along with websites and news articles available. There are other websites the doctor may look up information: ï‚ § The American Health Information Management Association or (AHIMA), if something isn t clear or more information. Also this website has new codes and their usage. AHIMA publishes a current listed of codes that is no longer in usage or supported. ï‚ § The American Optometric Association (AOA), provides doctor-reviewed, doctor-approved information about the greatest common eye conditions. III. FILING NUMBERING SYSTEMS A. What type of record filing system is used? Alphabetic Filing System, where patient files are stored by patient last name, first name, and middle initial. The files are in a closed file cabinet. Tab onShow MoreRelatedEssay On ERP1706 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom outdated, inefficient systems with a lot of manual processes, double entries and cumbersome approval processes. First, let’s start with a few common pitfalls when selecting and implementing an ERP solution: †¢ It is easy to be dazzled by the hype and over-promise from sales people. The single biggest mistake an ERP buyer can do is to end up with a poor-fitting system. The reason is often that the buyer did not understand the offering of the vendor before the contract was signed. 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